The potential of galactomannan from Caesalpinia ferrea on erosive dentin wear reduction in vitro

Abstract Gels containing juca seed galactomannan (JSG) were evaluated for their potential to prevent the progression of dentin erosive wear in an in vitro study with four experimental groups (n = 9). The treatments included distilled water (DW), 0.05% stannous fluoride (121 ppm F), and 0.5% or 1% JSG. The specimens underwent a cycle (3 times/day) consisting of immersion in 1% citric acid (5 minutes), treatment (5 minutes), and artificial saliva exposure (2 hours/overnight) for 5 days. Surface changes were assessed using mechanical profilometry (wear), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test (p < 0.05). The negative control group exhibited the highest wear (6.0 µm ± 3.5), significantly differing from the group treated with 0.05% stannous fluoride gel (p = 0.007), which showed less dentin loss. The groups treated with 0.5% and 1% JSG showed results similar to the negative control (p = 0.661; p = 0.212, respectively) and the stannous fluoride group (p = 0.103; p = 0.379, respectively). In the SEM images, the specimen treated with stannous fluoride showed obliterated tubules, while the JSG gels formed crystals on the dentin surface, as confirmed by the presence of oxygen and calcium in the EDS analysis. Although the JSG gels showed similar results to the stannous fluoride, did not exhibit superior efficacy at the tested concentrations.

Resumo Géis contendo galactomanana da semente de jucá (GSJ) foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial na prevenção da progressão do desgaste erosivo dentinário em um estudo in vitro com quatro grupos experimentais (n = 9). Os tratamentos incluíram água destilada (AD), 0,05% de fluoreto de estanho (121 ppm F) e 0,5% ou 1% de GSJ. Os espécimes passaram por um ciclo (3 vezes ao dia) que consistia em imersão em ácido cítrico 1% (5 minutos), tratamento (5 minutos) e exposição a saliva artificial (2 horas/durante a noite) por 5 dias. As alterações de superfície foram avaliadas utilizando perfilometria mecânica (desgaste), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de raios-X por dispersão de energia (EDS). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA, seguida do pós-teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). O grupo controle negativo apresentou o maior desgaste (6,0 µm ± 3,5), diferindo significativamente do grupo tratado com gel de fluoreto de estanho a 0,05% (p = 0,007), que apresentou menor perda de dentina. Os grupos tratados com 0,5% e 1% de GSJ apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao grupo controle negativo (p = 0,661; p = 0,212, respectivamente) e ao grupo de fluoreto de estanho (p = 0,103; p = 0,379, respectivamente). Nas imagens de MEV, o espécime tratado com fluoreto de estanho mostrou túbulos obliterados, enquanto os géis GSJ formaram cristais na superfície da dentina, como confirmado pela presença de oxigênio e cálcio na análise de EDS. Embora os géis GSJ tenham apresentado resultados semelhantes ao fluoreto de estanho, eles não demonstraram eficácia superior nas concentrações testadas.

Investigation of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of the bark of Caesalpinia ferrea in Swiss mice exposed to paracetamol / Investigação da atividade antioxidante do extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea em camundongos Swiss expostos ao paracetamol

Aims: it was evaluated the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract of Caesal-pinia ferrea bark in a model of oxidative stress induced by paracetamol (PCM). Methods: male Swiss mice were subdivided into four groups (control; PCM; PCM+extract; extract; n=8) in which a dose of paracetamol (250 mg.kg-1) was administered and after 3 hours the treatment with the extract (100 mg.kg-1/day) was administered for seven days, via gavage. Oxidative stress biomarkers were determined, such as catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced gluta-thione, ascorbic acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonylated proteins of liver, kidneys and brain and plasma parameters through the dosage of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Results: the Caesalpinia ferrea extract was able to reverse the lipid and protein damage caused by the drug in the liver tissue and caused the same effect in the renal and brain tissues in the carbonylated proteins. The extract alone decreased liver glutathione-S-transferase and increased catalase and brain glutathione-S-transferase activity, in addition to lowering glucose and cholesterol, but without altering the triglycerides. Conclusions: it was possible to conclude that the ethanolic extract of the bark of Caesalpinia ferrea has a good antioxidant activity, probably due to dose of paracetamol in the samples investigated. However, more studies are needed for a better understanding of the effects of this extract compared to the effects found in this research

Objetivos: foi avaliado o efeito antioxidante do extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea em modelo de estresse oxidativo induzido por paracetamol (acetaminofeno, PCM). Métodos: camundongos Swiss machos foram subdivididos em quatro grupos (controle; PCM; PCM+extrato; extrato; n=8) nos quais foi administrada uma dose de paracetamol (250 mg.kg-1) e após três horas foi administrado o tratamento com o extrato (100 mg.kg-1/ dia) por sete dias, via gavagem. Foram determinados biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo, como catalase, glutationa-S-transferase, glutationa reduzida, ácido ascórbico, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e proteínas carboniladas do fígado, rins e cérebro, além de parâmetros plasmáticos através da dosagem de glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos, aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase. Resultados: o extrato de Caesalpinia ferrea foi capaz de reverter os danos lipídicos e proteicos causados pela droga no tecido hepático, e também causou o mesmo efeito nos tecidos renal e cerebral nas proteínas carboniladas. O extrato sozinho diminuiu a atividade da glutationa-S-transferase hepática e aumentou a da catalase e glutationa-S-transferase cerebral, além de diminuir a glicose e o colesterol, mas sem alterar os triglicerídeos. Conclusões: foi possível concluir que o extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea apresenta uma boa atividade antioxidante, provavelmente devido à presença de taninos, tendo em vista os danos causados pela alta dose de paracetamol nas amostras investigadas. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para um melhor entendimento dos efeitos deste extrato frente aos efeitos encontrados nesta pesquisa

Simultaneous determination of content of eight components in Caesalpinia decapetala by UPLC-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

The present study established the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of the content of eight major active components in Caesalpinia decapetala and performed the quality evaluation of C. decapetala from different habitats with the chemical pattern recognition. The analysis was carried out on a Waters BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) at 40 ℃, with the mobile phase of water containing 0.1% formic acid(A) and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid under gradient elution, the flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1), and the injection volume of 1 μL. The electrospray ionization(ESI) source in the negative mode and multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) were used for MS quantitative analysis. The content results were analyzed by the hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) and principal component analysis(PCA) for the evaluation of the quality difference. Eight components showed good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges(r>0.999), with the average recoveries of 96.85%-103.4% and RSD of 0.52%-2.8%. The analysis results showed that the quality of samples from different batches was different. The samples were classified into three clusters by HCA and PCA. The method is simple, sensitive, accurate, and efficient, and can be used for the quality evaluation of C. decapetala.

Efecto antimicrobiano in vitro de extractos de Caesalpinia Spinosa (algarrobo) sobre patógenos orales / In vitro antimicrobial effect of Caesalpinia Spinosa (carob tree) extracts on oral pathogens

La resistencia antimicrobiana es un problema de sa-lud pública mundial. Las infecciones por microorga-nismos resistentes pueden ser altamente transmisi-bles e incluso causar la muerte. Este hecho genera grandes costos para los pacientes y para los servi-cios de salud. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue de-terminar el efecto antimicrobiano in vitro de extractos etanólicos de Caesalpinia spinosa sobre el crecimien-to de Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus y Candida albicans. Se recolectaron y certificaron muestras de C. spinosa. Se obtuvieron extractos de hojas, vainas y semillas en concentraciones de 100%, 75%, 50% y 25%. Mediante Kirby - Bauer, se cargaron los discos con los extractos y se depositaron en el medio inoculado con cepas de E. faecalis, S. aureus y C. albicans; junto a un CP (antimicrobiano), y un CN (etanol). Las placas se incubaron a 370°C durante 24 horas, y posteriormente se midieron los halos de inhi-bición con un vernier digital. Destaca el valor del halo de extracto de vainas; superó al de Ampicilina 10mg, sobre el E. faecalis. El extracto de vainas presentó ma-yor diámetro de inhibición (19mm), el de semillas pre-sentó el más bajo (1mm). ANOVA arrojó diferencia es-tadísticamente significativa entre los datos obtenidos para todos los extractos. En conclusión, los extractos etanólicos de Caesalpinia spinosa tienen efecto anti-microbiano in vitro sobre Enterococcus faecalis, Sta-phylococcus aureus y Candida albicans. La actividad antimicrobiana del extracto es directamente propor-cional a su concentración. Los extractos de C. spinosa podrían ser utilizados como coadyuvantes en el trata-miento contra Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, que están relacionados con patologías orales (AU)

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem. Infections with resistant microorganisms can be highly transmissible and even cause death. This fact generates great costs for patients and for health services. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial effect of ethanolic extracts of Caesalpinia spinosa on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Samples of C. spinosa were collected and certified. Leaf, pod and seed extracts were obtained at concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%. Using Kirby-Bauer, the disks were loaded with the extracts and deposited in the medium inoculated with strains of E. faecalis, S. aureus and C. albicans; together with a CP (antimicrobial), and a CN (ethanol). The plates were incubated at 370°C for 24 hours, then the inhibition halos were measured with a digital vernier. The value of the pod extract halo stands out, surpassing that of Ampicillin 10mg, over E. faecalis. The pod extract presented the greatest diameter of inhibition (19mm), the seed extract presented the lowest (1mm). ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the data obtained for all the extracts. In conclusion, the ethanolic extracts of Caesalpinia spinosa have an in vitro antimicrobial effect on Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of the extract is directly proportional to its concentration. C. spinosa extracts could be used as adjuvants in the treatment against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, which are related to oral pathologies (AU)

Efecto antibacteriano in vitro de extractos de Caesalpinia spinosa sobre cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a antibióticos betalactámicos / In vitro antimicrobial effect of Caesalpinia spinosa extracts against betalactam antibiotics resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto antimicrobiano de extractos etanólicos de Caesalpinia spinosa sobre cepas de Staphylococcus aureus penicilino y meticilino resistentes. Métodos. Se utilizaron las cepas de S. aureus ATCC 11632 y 33592, los extractos etanólicos de hojas, vainas y semillas de C. spinosa, se obtuvieron por maceración en concentraciones de 25%, 50%, 75% y 100%. Se utilizó el método de Kirby-Bauer, los discos de papel filtro se cargaron con los extractos y se depositaron sobre el medio, inoculado con una suspensión de S. aureus a 0,5 McFarland. El control positivo fueron discos de ampicilina y el control negativo discos impregnados con etanol. Después de 24 horas se midieron los diámetros de los halos con un calibrador Vernier. Resultados. Se registraron halos de hasta 18 mm de diámetro con los extractos de hojas al 100%, 17 mm con extractos de vainas y 14 mm con extractos de semillas sobre S. aureus ATCC 33592. En el caso de la cepa ATCC 11632, se registraron halos de hasta 14 mm con extractos de hojas y vainas al 100%, y de hasta 8 mm con extractos de semillas. La prueba de ANOVA indicó que existieron diferencias significativas entre los halos obtenidos con los diferentes tipos de extractos, a diferentes concentraciones. Conclusión. Se determinó que todos los extrac- tos de C. spinosa poseen actividad antimicrobiana sobre las dos cepas estudiadas, con un patrón directamente proporcional entre el efecto y la concentración.

Objective. To determine the antimicrobial effect of ethanolic extracts from Caesalpinia spinosa against penicillin and methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus penicillin and methicillin. Methods. S. aureus ATCC 11632 and 33592 strains were used, ethanolic extracts from C. spinosa leaves and pods were obtained by maceration at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The Kirby-Bauer method was used, where filter paper discs were loaded with leaf, pod and seed extracts and deposited on the medium, inoculated with a 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. aureus. Ampicillin discs were used as positive con- trol and ethanol-impregnated discs as negative control. After 24 hours, the diameters of the halos were measured with a Vernier caliper. Results. Haloes up to 18 mm in diameter with 100% leaf extracts, 17 mm with pod extracts and 14 mm with seed extracts were recorded against S. aureus ATCC 33592; for ATCC strain 11632, haloes up to 14 mm with 100% leaf and pod extracts and up to 8 mm with seed extracts were recorded. The ANOVA test indicated significant differences between the inhibition halos obtained with the different types of extracts, at different concentrations. Conclusion. It was determined that all C. spinosa extracts possess antimicrobial activity against the two strains studied, with a pattern directly proportional between the effect and concentration.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq. ) Willd extracts on Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans / Actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de extractos de Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq. ) Willd sobre Streptococcus pyogenes y Candida albicans

Background: "Dividivi" Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd fruits are traditionally used by the Wayuú community in La Guajira (Colombia) to treat oral and skin cavity diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive cocci of group A (beta-hemolytic) that is the cause of pharyngeal disease, scarlet fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, or toxic shock-like syndrome. Alternatively, Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that is a normal flora of the digestive tract, vagina, or skin folds; it has been known to be the root cause of opportunistic diseases such as diaper rash, oral and esophagus thrush, or vulvovaginitis. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. coriaria (Jacq.) Willddry fruits on S. pyogenes ATCC 12384andC. albicans ATTC 14053. Method: C. coriaria extracts were obtained from the Soxhlet method using two solvents (methanol and ethanol 98%) prepared from pulverized fruits. A phytochemical test and an antimicrobial activity assay were performed using the obtained extracts and tested using S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and C. albicans ATTC 14053 strains. Results: A phytochemical profile was performed, examining the presence of bioactive metabolites (tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and anthraquinones) from each extract. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the ethanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes ATCC 12384,causing inhibition halos of 14.1 ± 0.1 mm and a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 172 mg/ml, and C. albicans test shows inhibition halos of 16.1 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 212 mg/ml. Additionally, the methanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes with inhibition halos of 15.2 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 152 mg/ml; no inhibitory effect was observed on C. albicans.Conclusion: This study revealed that C. coriaria has an antimicrobial effect on the tested species opening the field of its possible use as a therapeutic agent

Introducción: Los frutos del "Dividivi" Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd son usados tradicionalmente por la comunidad indígena Wayuú en La Guajira (Colombia) para el tratamiento de enfermedades de la cavidad bucal y cutáneas ocasionadas por bacterias y hongos. Streptococcuspyogenes es un coco grampositivo del grupo A (beta-hemolítico) que es la causa de enfermedad faríngea, escarlatina, celulitis, erisipela o síndrome tipo shock tóxico. Candida albicans es un hongo levaduriforme que es flora normal del tracto digestivo, la vagina o los pliegues de la piel; se sabe que es la causa principal de enfermedades oportunistas como la dermatitis del pañal, aftas bucales y esofágicas, o vulvovaginitis. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de extractos metanólicos y etanólicos de frutos secos sobre microorganismos patógenos específicamente S. pyogenes ATCC 12384yC. albicansATTC 14053. Método: A partir de frutos polverizados de C. coriaria, usando el método Soxlet, se evaluaron dos solventes (metanol y etanol al 98%), los cuales, fueron usados para estudiar su actividad antimicrobiana evaluando su efecto en cepas de S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 y C. albicans ATTC 14053. Resultados: Mediante un perfil fitoquímico se determinó la presencia de grupos de metabolitos secundarios con compuestos bioactivos (taninos, alcaloides, glucósidos, saponinas, y antraquinonas). Las pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana mostraron que el extracto etanólico tuvo un efecto inhibidor sobre S. pyogenesATCC 12384 con halos de inhibición de 14.1 ± 0.1 mm y una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 172 mg/mL, y sobre C. albicans se presentaron halos de inhibición de 16.1 ± 0.2 mm y CMI de 212 mg/mL, mientras que el extracto metanólico tuvo un efecto inhibidor sobre S. pyogenes con halos de inhibición de 15.2 ± 0.2 mm y CMI de 152 mg/mL no se observó efecto inhibidor sobre C. albicans. Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que C. coriaria tiene efecto antimicrobiano en las especies evaluadas, abriendo un campo de investigación en la evaluación de su uso como agente terapéutico

New dibenzoxocin derivatives from Caesalpinia decapetala / 中国中药杂志

The present study investigated the chemical constituents of Caesalpinia decapetala in the Fabaceae family. The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by chromatographies with silica gel, RP-C_(18), Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC, and their structures were determined based on the spectroscopic data and physicochemical properties, as well as relevant references. Three pairs of new dibenzoxocin derivatives were isolated from 70% ethanol extract of C. decapetala and identified as protosappanoside A(1 a), isoprotosappanoside A(1 b), protosappanoside B(2 a), isoprotosappanoside B(2 b), protosappanoside C(3 a), and isoprotosappanoside C(3 b), respectively.

Antidepressant-like activity of ethanol extract of leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima in unstressed and stressed mice

In the present study, antidepressant-like activity of ethanol extract of leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima was evaluated in Swiss young male albino mice. Stress was induced in mice by subjecting them to unpredictable mild stress for 21 successive days. Ethanol extract of the leaves (100, 200 and 400 mg/ kg, p.o.) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered for 21 consecutive days to separate groups of unstressed and stressed mice. Ethanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility period of unstressed as well as stressed mice in tail suspension test (TST). However, the lowest dose (100 mg/kg) of the extract also significantly decreased immobility period of stressed mice in TST. The extract significantly restored reduced sucrose preference in stressed mice. There was no significant effect on locomotor activity of mice. Ethanol extract of the leaves significantly decreased plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels; brain MAO-A activity and MDA level; and increased brain reduced glutathione and catalase activity in unstressed as well as stressed mice as compared to their respective vehicle treated controls. Thus, ethanol extract of leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima showed significant antidepressant-like activity in unstressed and stressed mice probably through inhibition of brain MAO-Aactivity, reduction of oxidative stress and plasma corticosterone levels.

Effect of ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella on hormones in mifepristone induced PCOS rats

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonduella (ESECB)on altered hormonal levels in mifebristone-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) female rats. PCOS wasinduced in female rats by a daily administration of mifepristone (4 mg/kg b.w.) for 8 days which was confirmed bythe persistent estrous cycle. Once PCOS was induced, the rats were treated with ESECB 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.p.o. for 28 days, and the hormonal parameters were analyzed. Metformin was used as a standard drug. A significantincrease (p < 0.01) in the luteinizing hormone, Prolactin, insulin, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol levels anddecrease in follicle stimulating hormone and progesterone hormone levels in the PCOS rats were observed, whichwere normalized in the ESECB drug-treated animals. Among the two concentrations, 400 mg/kg b.w of ESECB drugtreatment showed significant effect in correcting this hormonal imbalance. Its effect was comparable to the positivecontrol used in the present study. It can be concluded that the ESECB can be used as a potential ovulation inducerin the treatment of PCOS

Ethanol extract of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb root improves the sexual performance of male Wistar rats

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (CB) is an African tropical plant whose roots are used in traditional medicine as ethanol maceration for many purposes, especially for erection impairment. Objective: This study aims to examine the aphrodisiac activity of the ethanol extract from the root of CB in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups (n = 6): The Group 1, control received dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle), Group 2 received Viagra® (Sildenafil citrate) at 25 mg/kg body weight, and Group 3 received ethanol extract of CB root at 500 mg/kg body weight. Each treatment was administered once daily by gavages for 28 days, with the exception of Viagra® which was administered 1 h before each mating. On days 1, 14, and 28, the male rats were mated with artificially estrus female rats by hormonal treatment with benzoate estradiol and progesterone. The sexual behavior parameters as intromission frequency (IF), intromission latency (IL), mount frequency (MF), and mount latency (ML) were evaluated. The effect of the extract on serum testosterone level and histoarchitecture of testis was also assessed. Results: CB root extract increased significantly the IF (P < 0.001) and MF (P < 0.01) when compared with the control group. Significantly decreased (P < 0.05) of ML and IL of rats were observed. Significant increases (P < 0.01) in testosterone levels of extract-treated group were observed. This is supported by cross sections of the testis that showed an increase in the diameter of the seminiferous tubes compared to the control group and those with Viagra® group. Conclusion: Findings in this study revealed that CB root enhanced sexual behavior in male rats and may play an aphrodisiac role that justifying its use in alternative medicine.

Analysis of Chemical Compositions in Miao Medicine Caesalpinia decapetala by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To estab lish a method that can comprehensively and rapidly analyze the chemical compositions of Miao medicine Caesalpinia decapetala，and to providing reference for quality control and pharmacodynamic material basis study of C. decapetala . METHODS ：UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was adopted . The determination was performed on Agilent SB-C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid solution- 0.1％ formic acid acetonitrile （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and sample size was 2 µL. ESI source was applied in negative and positive scanning ion mode and data collection range of m/z 50-1 500. The capillary voltage was 4.5 kV，the atomizing gas （nitrogen）pressure was 1.2 Bar， the solvent removal gas was nitrogen ，the flow rate of solvent removal gas was 8 L/min and the solvent removal gas temperature was 200 ℃. Data Analysis 4.2 software was adopted to analyze fragment ion information of each peak ，and identify chemica l compositions on the basis of relevant literature and mass spectograms of reference substance. RESULTS ：Under positive ion mode ， 9 chemical compounds were identified ；peak 1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9 were catechin ，protohematoxylin B ，epicatechin，ethyl gallate，quercetin，luteolin，3-deoxy-hematoxylin chalcone ， isoliquiritigenin and linoleic acid. Under negative ion mode ， U1812403）， totally 21 peaks were confirmed and 13 compounds were identified；peak 3，4，5，6，7，8，9，10，11，12，13，15， 21 were catechins ， brevifolin carboxylic acid ， proto- hematoxylin B ，epicatechin，ethyl gallate ，epicatechin gallate ， quercetin，resveratrol，hematoxylin，luteolin，3-deoxy-hema- toxylin， isoliquiritigenin， linoleic acid. CONCLUSIONS UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method is established successfully for analysis of chemical compositions in C. decapetala .

Avaliação da incorporação de espessante natural em uma bebida mista potencialmente funcional, de suco de limao, gengibre, chá verde e adoçada com mel de abelha / Evaluation of the incorporation of natural thickeners in a potentially functional mixed drink, of limous juice, ginger, green tea and sugared with bee honey

O consumo de alimentos naturais vem aumentando nos últimos anos, desta forma as bebidas mistas de frutas reúnem a possibilidade de combinação de diferentes aromas e sabores e a soma de componentes nutricionais, que podem oferecer ao consumidor propriedades funcionais ao organismo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar uma bebida mista potencialmente funcional e nutritiva de suco de limão, gengibre, chá verde e mel adicionada de espessante natural. Foram elaboradas três formulações: F1(Controle), F2 (0,2% de espessante) e F3 (0,3% de espessante). Realizou-se o tratamento térmico de pasteurização hot-Pack. Foram realizadas determinações de pH, teor de SS (ºBrix), ATT (% ácido cítrico), e antioxidante pelo método DPPH, as análises microbiológicas foram mesofilos, psicrófilos, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Foi feita a estabilidade nos dias 1,15 e 30. Pode-se concluir que a bebida não mudou com a incorporação do espessante e não mudou durante o tempo de armazenamento.

Antibacterial potential of Caesalpinia bonducella extracts and their isolated phytoconstituents: in vitro and in silico analysis

The antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia bonducella extracts such as CLC, CLE, CSC, and CSE and thephytoconstituents such as β-Sitosterol (LC3) isolated from CLC and methyl (4E)-5-{2-[(1E)-buta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl} pent-4-enoate (SC2) isolated from CSC were evaluated on gram-positive and gram-negativebacteria. The extracts and isolated compounds were found to have moderate-to-significant bacterial inhibition. Thesignificant activity was observed in the inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by CLC extract (16.10 ± 1.10 mm),whereas the isolated phytocomponent SC2 showed the highest inhibition (16.50 ± 0.58 mm). Further, the isolatedcompounds were subjected to molecular docking studies of the bacterial DNA Gyrase. The in silico study showedthe docking energy of −6.4 and three hydrogen bonding. This in vitro and in silico analysis of extracts and isolatedphytocomponents of C. bonducella helps to understand and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy to cure infectiousdiseases and also supports the traditional medicinal claim as an antibiotic.

Caesalpinia bonduc Linn Extracts Exhibit Hepatoprotective Effect on HepG2 Cells against Paracetamol by Up-regulating Glutathione Related Genes

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (CB) is said to ownvarious pharmacological and therapeutic applicationagainst a number of diseases. It is used widely in folkmedicine to treat liver diseases. In the present study,we have made a sincere effort to evaluate thehepatoprotective activity of CB leaf extracts againstParacetamol (PCM) induced toxicity and theirmechanism of hepatoprotection in the humanHepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) therebyproviding scientific evidence for the same. Materialand Methods:The hepatoprotective activity of CB wasassessed in-vitro by the estimation of glutathione(GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-apoptoticassay/Annexin V and the expressions of genes such asGlutathione Reductase (GS-R) and GlutamateCysteine Ligase, Catalytic (GCLC). Results: Theobtained results suggest that the aqueous extract of CBpossess significant hepatoprotective activity. Thisactivity may be due to the possible antioxidantproperty and the free radical scavenging ability of theextracts, which might clear the toxic metabolites ofPCM. Conclusion: The present study suggests that theaqueous extract of CB have potential hepatoprotectiveactivity, which may prevent the lipid peroxidation ofthe cell membrane by its antioxidant properties.

Optimization of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood extraction procedure to obtain the highest content of brazilin and greatest antibacterial activity / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#The objective of the work was to optimize the extraction conditions of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood in order to maximize the brazilin content and antibacterial activity of the extract.@*METHODS@#Two independent factors were studied: extraction temperature (45-95 °C) and extraction time (30-60 min). In addition, five dependent factors were monitored, including extraction yield, brazilin content, and clear zones against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, Staphylococcus epidermidis TISTR 518 and Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14961. The brazilin content was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and antibacterial activity was determined by disk diffusion assay.@*RESULTS@#The high temperature provided high total extract yield as well as brazilin content, while extraction time had little effect on yield or brazilin content. Extraction time had a positive effect, while extraction temperature had little effect on clear zone against S. aureus. The largest clear zone against S. epidermidis was achieved at low extraction temperature and long extraction time. Conversely, short extraction time and high extraction temperature provided the largest clear zone against P. acnes. The optimal conditions providing the highest brazilin content was an extraction temperature and extraction time of 95 °C and 30 min, respectively. The same optimal conditions also provided the simultaneous greatest antibacterial activity against the three bacteria. Modeled optimal conditions were validated be conducting extraction using these values. Yield and antibacterial activity of the resulting extract demonstrated that the model had a low percentage error.@*CONCLUSION@#The optimal condition will be used as a standard condition for extraction of C. sappan heartwood to maximize brazilin content and antibacterial activity.

Phenolic Constituents from Caesalpinia decapetala / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the phenolic constituents from Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston. METHODS: The ethanol crude extract of C. decapetala was fractionalized by using petroleum ether and chloroform. The chloroform part was isolated by a series of chromatography methods, and the structures of purified compounds were elucidated by their physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data. RESULTS: Eleven phenolic compounds were isolated and identified as methyl 2,3,5-trihydroxybenzoate (1), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (2), N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (3), trichostachine (4), cinnamylpiperidine (5), gallic acid (6), methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (7), ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (8), resveratrol(9), 3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxydistyrene (10), and protosappanin A (11). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-5 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Chemical constituents from heartwoods of Caesalpinia sappan with antiplatelet aggregation activities / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To clarify the active constituents of the heartwoods of Caesalpinia sappan, a traditional Chinese medicine with the functions of promoting blood circulation (Huoxue in Chinese) and removing blood stasis (Quyu in Chinese). Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combination of silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, along with semipreparative HPLC. Their chemical structures were established by multiple spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature data. The in vitro antiplatelet aggregation activities were evaluated using mouse platelet induced by AYPGKF-NH2, a gold agonist of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4). Results: Two new phenols, methyl 2-(4,4′,5′-trihydroxy-2′-(methoxymethyl) biphenyl-2-yloxy) acetate (1) and 1′-methylcaesalpin J (2), together with 24 known compounds (3–26), were isolated from the heartwoods of C. sappan. Among them, sappanchalcone (16) and brazilin (20) showed inhibitory activities against mouse platelet aggregation with IC50 values of 114.8 µmol/L and 100.8 µmol/L, respectively. Conclusion: Antiplatelet compounds from C. sappan targeting at PAR4 are reported for the first time.

Abortos, malformações congênitas e falhas reprodutivas espontâneas em caprinos causados na intoxicação pelas folhas da catingueira, Poincianella pyramidalis (sin. Caesalpinia pyramidalis) / Spontaneous abortion, congenital malformation and reproductive losses in goats due to poisoning by the leaves of Poincianella pyramidalis (syn. Caesalpinia pyramidalis)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de folhas da espécie arbórea Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz como causa espontânea de abortos, malformações e falhas reprodutivas em rebanhos caprinos no semiárido brasileiro. Foram realizadas investigações epidemiológicas, avaliações clínicas de caprinos acometidos por malformações e necropsias de fetos abortados em 12 propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Gurjão e Soledade, na Paraíba, e no município de Pau dos Ferros, Rio Grande do Norte. O estudo considerou apenas as propriedades que tinham basicamente a presença de P. pyramidalis entre as plantas teratogênicas. Na propriedade localizada no município de Pau dos Ferros foi verificada a ocorrência de grande número de abortos e o nascimento de cabritos malformados, acometendo 90% das cabras gestantes. Nas 12 propriedades pertencentes aos municípios de Gurjão e Soledade na Paraíba os casos espontâneos de mortalidade embrionária, abortos e malformações acometeram 257 cabras (41,1% das cabras dos rebanhos). A artrogripose foi a principal malformação congênita observada. Exames de necropsia e histopatológico de quatro fetos acompanhados das placentas não constataram a presença de agentes infecciosos. Os casos de perda embrionária, abortos e malformações foram concentrados predominantemente nas épocas do ano em que a pastagem estava escassa, mas havia disponibilidade de P. pyramidalis nas propriedades, devido à ocorrência das chuvas da pré-estação, que não permitiu a germinação de pasto, mas a rebrotação de P. pyramidalis. Os achados desse estudo comprovam que esta planta interfere consideravelmente na eficiência reprodutiva dos rebanhos caprinos do Semiárido.(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the leaves of the tree Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz as a spontaneous cause of abortion, malformation and reproductive failure in goat herds in the Brazilian semiarid region. Epidemiological investigations, clinical evaluation of goats affected by malformation and necropsy of aborted fetuses was carried out on 12 farms located in the municipalities of Gurjão and Soledade, state of Paraíba, and on a farm located at the municipality of Pau dos Ferros, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The study considered only the farms where occurred predominantly P. pyramidalis among teratogenic plants. On the farm located in the municipality of Pau dos Ferros the occurrence of frequent abortion and birth of malformed goats, affecting 90% of pregnant goats, was observed. On the 12 farms belonging to the municipalities of Gurjão and Soledade, spontaneous cases of embryonic mortality, abortion and malformation occurred in 257 goats (41.1% of goats). Arthrogryposis was the main congenital malformation observed. Necropsy and histopathological exams of four fetuses and their placentas did not detect the presence of infectious agents. The cases of embryonic mortality, abortion and malformation were predominantly concentrated during the seasons of the year when pasture was scarce, but P. pyramidalis was available, due to the occurrence of pre-seasonal rains, which did not allow the pasture to germinate but P. pyramidalis to regrowth. The findings of this study confirm that this plant significantly interferes in the reproductive efficiency of semi-arid goat herds.(AU)

The hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Caesalpinia bonducella fleming on serum lipids and atherogenesis in albino rats fed with high fat diet

Background: An increase in the incidence and prevalence of hyperlipidemia in India has led to an increased demand for drugs with a lipid lowering potential. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (EESKCB) in albino rats fed with high fat diet.Methods: The extract was daily administered to healthy adult albino rats of either sex, fed with high fat diet for a period of 60 days. At the end of 60 days, i.e. on the 61st day, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, the body weights of the rats and the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase were estimated. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was also carried out. For statistical analysis, the methods employed were One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test and Student’s ‘t’ test (Paired). Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant.Results: The test drug brought about significant (p<0.05) decrease in the raised levels of all the lipid parameters except the High density lipoprotein cholesterol. There was also a significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum levels of catalase and a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the serum levels of MDA in the test drug treated group. The test drug also significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the rise in body weights of the rats.Conclusions: From this study, it can be said that the seed kernel of Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming has significant hypolipidemic activity.

Brazilin and Caesalpinia sappan L. extract protect epidermal keratinocytes from oxidative stress by inducing the expression of GPX7 / 中国天然药物

Caesalpinia sappan L., belonging to the family Leguminosae, is a medicinal plant that is distributed in Southeast Asia. The dried heartwood of this plant is used as a traditional ingredient of food, red dyes, and folk medicines in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, skin infections, and inflammation. Brazilin is the major active compound, which has exhibited various pharmacological effects, including anti-platelet activity, anti-hepatotoxicity, induction of immunological tolerance, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes of C. sappan L. extract and its major compound, brazilin, in human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to UVA irradiation. Our results indicated that C. sappan L. extract reduced UVA-induced HO production via GPX7 activation. Moreover, brazilin exhibited antioxidant effects that were similar to those of C. sappan L. via glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPX7), suggesting that C. sappan L. extract and its natural compound represent potential treatments for oxidative stress-induced photoaging of skin.